Can you get pfiesteria from eating

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Other causes include a lack of dissolved oxygen in the water, sudden changes in factors such as salinity or temperature, sewage or chemical spills, blooms of other kinds of harmful or toxic algae, infectious disease agents, and other environmental changes. Toxic outbreaks of Pfiesteria are typically very short, no more than a few hours.

After such an event, Pfiesteria cells change back into non-toxic forms very quickly, and the Pfiesteria toxins in the water break down within a few hours. However, once fish are weakened by the toxins, Pfiesteria-related fish lesions or fish kills may persist for days or possibly weeks.

Pfiesteriapiscicida is known to occur in brackish coastal waters from the Delaware Bay to North Carolina. Other Pfiesteria-like organisms occur along the southeast coast from Delaware to the Gulf of Mexico. These organisms are believed to be native, not introduced species, and are probably common inhabitants of estuarine waters within their range. These microbes have not been found in freshwater lakes, streams, or other inland waters.

Pfiesteria piscicida has been implicated as a cause of major fish kills at many sites along the North Carolina coast, particularly the New River and the Albemarle- Pamlico estuarine system, which includes the Neuse and Tar-Pamlico Rivers. Millions of fish have died from Pfiesteria in North Carolina. Pfiesteria piscicida is the probable cause for a fish kill in Delaware's Indian River. Fish kills in coastal aquaculture operations in Maryland and North Carolina have also been linked to Pfiesteria and Pfiesteria-like organisms.

Lesioned fish found in association with Pfiesteria or Pfiesteria-like organisms have been documented in several Maryland and Virginia tributaries of the Chesapeake Bay, in many coastal areas of North Carolina, and in the St. John's River in Florida. The exact conditions that cause toxic outbreaks ofPfiesteria to develop are not fully understood.

Scientists generally agree that a high density offish must be present to trigger the shift ofPfiesteria cells into toxic forms. However, other factors may contribute to toxic Pfiesteria outbreaks by promoting the growth ofPfiesteria populations in coastal waters.

These factors include warm, brackish, poorly flushed waters and high levels of nutrients. Nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus are thought to encourage the growth of Pfiesteria populations by stimulating the growth of algae that Pfiesteria feeds on when in its non-toxic forms.

Some evidence suggests that nutrients may also directly stimulate the growth ofPfiesteria, but more research is needed to show this conclusively.

At this time, the precise role that nutrients and other factors may play in promoting toxic outbreaks ofPfiesteria is not clear, and is an area of active research. Excess nutrients are common pollutants in coastal waters.

Chief sources of nutrient pollution in coastal areas are sewage treatment plants, septic tanks, polluted runoff from suburban landscapes and agricultural operations, and air pollutants that settle on the land and water. State and federal agencies are working closely with local governments and academic institutions to address the problems posed by Pfiesteria.

Federal agencies involved in the effort include the U. Geological Survey, and the U. Department of Agriculture. A few fish with lesions or even a few dead fish are not cause for alarm. If you experience health problems after being exposed to fish, water, or air at the site of a fish kill or suspected toxic Pfiesteria outbreak, contact your physician and your state or local public health agency at once. Several states have set up Pfiesteria hotlines, listed on the following page.

Swimming, boating, and other recreational activities in coastal waters are generally safe. Do not go into or near the water in areas that are closed by the state. Most species of algae are not harmful. Algae are the energy producers at the base of the ocean's food web, upon which all other marine organisms depend. Scientists call such events "harmful algal blooms. Some harmful algal blooms, like toxic Pfiesteria outbreaks, can cause detrimental effects when the microbes are at low concentrations in the water and cannot be visibly detected.

In other cases, like certain red and brown tides, harmful effects occur when the algae reach high concentrations that discolor the water. Some kinds of algal blooms are harmful because the algae produce one or more toxins that poison fish or shellfish, and can pose human health risks when people come in contact with affected waters.