Who invented fe iron

Iron metal is widely alloyed with other metals and carbon for a multiple commercial uses. Pig iron is brittle, hard, and fairly fusible and is used to produce other iron alloys , including steel. Wrought iron contains only a few tenths of a percent of carbon and is malleable, tough, and less fusible than pig iron. Wrought iron typically has a fibrous structure.

Carbon steel is an iron alloy with carbon and small amounts of S, Si, Mn, and P. Alloy steels are carbon steels that contain additives such as chromium, nickel, vanadium, etc. Iron is the least expensive, most abundant, and most used of all metals. Actively scan device characteristics for identification.

Use precise geolocation data. Select personalised content. Create a personalised content profile. Measure ad performance. In animals, plants, and fungi, iron is often incorporated into the heme complex. Heme is an essential component of cytochrome proteins, which mediate redox reactions, and of oxygen carrier proteins such as hemoglobin , myoglobin , and leghemoglobin.

Inorganic iron also contributes to redox reactions in the iron-sulfur clusters of many enzymes , such as nitrogenase involved in the synthesis of ammonia from nitrogen and hydrogen and hydrogenase. Non-heme iron proteins include the enzymes methane monooxygenase oxidizes methane to methanol , ribonucleotide reductase reduces ribose to deoxyribose ; DNA biosynthesis , hemerythrins oxygen transport and fixation in marine invertebrates and purple acid phosphatase hydrolysis of phosphate esters.

Iron distribution is heavily regulated in mammals, partly because iron has a high potential for biological toxicity. Iron distribution is also regulated because many bacteria require iron, so restricting its availability to bacteria generally by sequestering it inside cells can help to prevent or limit infections.

This is probably the reason for the relatively low amounts of iron in mammalian milk. A major component of this regulation is the protein transferrin, which binds iron absorbed from the duodenum and carries it in the blood to cells. Good sources of dietary iron include red meat, fish, poultry, lentils, beans, leaf vegetables, tofu, chickpeas , black-eyed peas, potatoes with skin, bread made from completely whole-grain flour, molasses, teff and farina.

Iron in meat is more easily absorbed than iron in vegetables. Iron provided by dietary supplements is often found as iron II fumarate , although iron sulfate is cheaper and is absorbed equally well. Elemental iron, despite being absorbed to a much smaller extent stomach acid is sufficient to convert some of it to ferrous iron , is often added to foods such as breakfast cereals or "enriched" wheat flour where it is listed as "reduced iron" in the list of ingredients.

Iron is most available to the body when chelated to amino acids - iron in this form is ten to fifteen times more bioavailable than any other, and is also available for use as a common iron supplement. Often the amino acid chosen for this purpose is the cheapest and most common amino acid, glycine, leading to "iron glycinate" supplements.

Blood donors are at special risk of low iron levels and are often advised to supplement their iron intake. Excessive iron can be toxic, because free ferrous iron reacts with peroxides to produce free radicals , which are highly reactive and can damage DNA , proteins , lipids, and other cellular components. Thus, iron toxicity occurs when there is free iron in the cell, which generally occurs when iron levels exceed the capacity of transferrin to bind the iron.

Iron uptake is tightly regulated by the human body, which has no physiological means of excreting iron, so controls iron levels solely by regulating uptake. Although uptake is regulated, large amounts of ingested iron can cause excessive levels of iron in the blood, because high iron levels can cause damage to the cells of the gastrointestinal tract that prevents them from regulating iron absorption.

High blood concentrations of iron damage cells in the heart , liver and elsewhere, which can cause serious problems, including long-term organ damage and even death. Humans experience iron toxicity above 20 milligrams of iron for every kilogram of mass, and 60 milligrams per kilogram is a lethal dose. Regulation of iron uptake is impaired in some people as a result of a genetic defect that maps to the HLA-H gene region on chromosome 6.

In these people, excessive iron intake can result in iron overload disorders , such as hemochromatosis. Many people have a genetic susceptibility to iron overload without realizing it or being aware of a family history of the problem. For this reason, it is advised that people should not take iron supplements unless they suffer from iron deficiency and have consulted a doctor.

Hemochromatosis is estimated to cause disease in between 0. The medical management of iron toxicity is complex, and can include use of a specific chelating agent called deferoxamine to bind and expel excess iron from the body.

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Keep logged in. Cookies deactivated. To use all functions of this page, please activate cookies in your browser. Iron has played a key role in humanity's history, as those who could manipulate it to craft weapons, tools, and other materials gained economic and political power. Steel is used to make paperclips, skyscrapers, and everything in between. Iron is also an important element in plant and animal life. In plants it plays a role in the creation of chlorophyll, and in humans it plays a crucial role in the vascular system.

This puts the yearly energy use of attaining iron in the ballpark of 10 exajoules. To learn more about what happens to iron once it is mined, see: Steel.

Iron is one of the few elements that exhibits ferromagnetism. A lack of iron will cause anaemia to develop. Natural abundance. The core of the Earth is thought to be largely composed of iron with nickel and sulfur. The most common iron-containing ore is haematite, but iron is found widely distributed in other minerals such as magnetite and taconite.

Commercially, iron is produced in a blast furnace by heating haematite or magnetite with coke carbon and limestone calcium carbonate. Around 1. Help text not available for this section currently. Elements and Periodic Table History. Iron objects have been found in Egypt dating from around BC. They contain about 7. The Iron Age had begun.

Some kinds of iron were clearly superior to others depending on its carbon content, although this was not appreciated. Some iron ore contained vanadium producing so-called Damascene steel, ideal for swords. This explained how steel, wrought iron, and cast iron, were to be distinguished by the amount of charcoal carbon they contained. The Industrial Revolution which began that same century relied extensively on this metal.

Atomic data. Glossary Common oxidation states The oxidation state of an atom is a measure of the degree of oxidation of an atom. Oxidation states and isotopes. Glossary Data for this section been provided by the British Geological Survey. Relative supply risk An integrated supply risk index from 1 very low risk to 10 very high risk. Recycling rate The percentage of a commodity which is recycled. Substitutability The availability of suitable substitutes for a given commodity. Reserve distribution The percentage of the world reserves located in the country with the largest reserves.

Political stability of top producer A percentile rank for the political stability of the top producing country, derived from World Bank governance indicators. Political stability of top reserve holder A percentile rank for the political stability of the country with the largest reserves, derived from World Bank governance indicators.

Supply risk. Relative supply risk 5. Young's modulus A measure of the stiffness of a substance. Shear modulus A measure of how difficult it is to deform a material. Bulk modulus A measure of how difficult it is to compress a substance. Vapour pressure A measure of the propensity of a substance to evaporate. Pressure and temperature data — advanced. Listen to Iron Podcast Transcript :. You're listening to Chemistry in its element brought to you by Chemistry World , the magazine of the Royal Society of Chemistry.

Hello, this week we turn to one of the most important elements in the human body. It's the one that makes metabolism possible and don't we just know it. There are iron man challenges, iron fisted leaders and those said to have iron in the soul.

But there's a dark side to element number 26 too because its powerful chemistry means that it's also bad news for brain cells as Nobel Laureate Kary Mullis explains. For the human brain, iron is essential yet deadly.

This change from the relatively plentiful and soluble FeII, took a heavy toil on almost everything alive at the time. Surviving terrestrial and ocean-dwelling microbes developed soluble siderophore molecules to regain access to this plentiful, but otherwise inaccessible essential resource, which used hydroxamate or catechol chelating groups to bring the FeIII back into solution.

Eventually higher organisms including animals, evolved. And animals used the energy of oxygen recombining with the hydrocarbons and carbohydrates in plant life to enable motion.

Iron was essential to this process. But no animal, however, has been able to adequately deal, in the long run - meaning eighty year life spans - with the fact that iron is essential for the conversion of solar energy to movement, but is virtually insoluble in water at neutral pH, and, even worse, is toxic.

Carbon, sulfur, nitrogen. Iron does. Systems have evolved to maintain iron in specific useful and safe configurations - enzymes which utilize its catalytic powers, or transferrins and haemosiderins, which move it around and store it. But these are not perfect. Sometimes iron atoms are misplaced, and there are no known systems to recapture iron that has precipitated inside of a cell.

In some tissues, cells overloaded with iron can be recycled or destroyed - but this doesn't work for neurons. Neurons sprout thousands of processes during their existence - reaching out to form networks of connections to other neurons.

During development of the adult human brain a large percentage of cells are completely eliminated, and some new ones are added. It is a learning process.

But once an area of the brain is up and running, there is nothing that can be done biologically, if a large number of its cells stop working for any reason. And the slow creep of precipitating iron over many decades is perhaps most often that reason.

In less sophisticated tissues, like the liver, new stem cells can be activated, but in the brain, trained, structurally complex, interconnected neurons are needed, with thousands of projections that are accumulated over a lifetime of learning. So the result is slowly progressive neurodegenerative disease, like Parkinson's and Alzheimer's. This same basic mechanism can result in a variety of diseases.

There are twenty or thirty proteins that that deal with iron in the brain - holding iron and passing it from place to place. Every new individual endowed with a new set of chromosomes is endowed with a new set of these proteins.

Some combinations will be better than others and some will be dangerous individually and collectively.